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James Britt Donovan (February 29, 1916 – January 19, 1970)〔(Donovan, James B. ), socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu, access date 5 June 2015〕〔(Dr. James B. Donovan, 53, Dies ), nytimes.com, access date 5 June 2015〕 was an American lawyer, United States Navy officer, and political negotiator. Donovan is widely known for negotiating the exchange of captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for Russian spy Rudolf Abel and the exchange of prisoners after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. He was played by Tom Hanks in the 2015 movie ''Bridge of Spies''. ==Life and career== James Britt Donovan was born on February 29, 1916, in the Bronx. He was the son of Harriet (O'Connor), a piano teacher, and John J. Donovan, a surgeon. His brother was New York state senator John J. Donovan, Jr. Both sides of the family were of Irish descent. He attended the Catholic All Hallows Institute. In 1937 he began his studies at Fordham University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in English. He wanted to become a journalist but his father convinced him to study law at Harvard University, where he earned a bachelor of laws in 1940. He then started to work at a lawyer's office. In 1942 he became Associate General Counsel at the Office of Scientific Research and Development. From 1943 to 1945 he was General Counsel at the Office of Strategic Services. In 1945 he became assistant to Justice Robert H. Jackson at the Nuremberg trials in Germany.〔(Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 : Prosecution Counsel ), avalon.law.yale.edu, access date 5 June 2015〕 While he prepared for the trials he was also working as an advisor for the documentary feature ''The Nazi Plan''. Donovan was the presenter of visual evidence at the trial. In 1950 Donovan became a partner in New York based law office Watters and Donovan. In 1957 he defended the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel, after many other lawyers refused.〔(The Man Who 'Sprung' Powers ) in: ''The Milwaukee Journal'', 16 February 1962, page 8〕 Donovan lost the trial, but went again before the court to argue against a possible death sentence and won. He then carried Abel's appeal all the way to the Supreme Court, where Donovan argued unsuccessfully (by 5-4 vote) that evidence used against his client had been seized by the FBI in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren praised him and publicly expressed the "gratitude of the entire court" for his taking the case.〔 From 1961 to 1963, Donovan was Vice President of the New York Board of Education, and from 1963 until 1965 he was President. In 1962 Donovan—who was lead negotiator—and CIA employee Milan C. Miskovsky〔(The People of the CIA … Milan Miskovsky: Fighting for Justice ), cia.gov, access date 5 June 2015〕 negotiated with Soviet mediators to free captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers. Donovan successfully negotiated for the exchange of Powers for the still-imprisoned Rudolf Abel, whom Donovan had defended five years earlier.〔(Donovan, James Britt ) in: ''Encyclopedia of the Kennedys: The People and Events That Shaped America.'', page 193, ABC-CLIO, 2012, ISBN 978-1-59884-538-9〕 In June 1962, Donovan was contacted by Cuban exile Pérez Cisneros, who asked him to support the negotiations to free the 1,113 prisoners of the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.〔(US-Cuban Diplomacy, 'Nation' Style ), thenation.com, access dae 23 June 2015〕〔(FBK-Dokumentation Nr. 9 – Seite 4 ), fg-berlin-kuba.de, access date 23 June 2015〕 Donovan offered pro bono legal service for the Cuban Families Committee of prisoners' relatives.〔 A few months later he traveled to Cuba for the first time. Cuba–United States relations were extremely tense after the invasion attempt. When Fidel Castro met Donovan for the first time, he was very short-spoken.〔(How Metadiplomacy Works: James Donovan and Castro ), cuba-l.com, access date 5 June 2015〕 Donovan managed to create confidence. Castro also praised Donovan for bringing his son to Cuba.〔 On December 21, 1962, Castro and Donovan signed an agreement to exchange all 1,113 prisoners for $53 million in food and medicine, sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions.〔 Donovan had the idea to exchange the prisoners for medicine after he had found out that the Cuban medicine didn't help him with his own bursitis.〔(James Britt Donovan ) in: ''Der Spiegel'' 23/1963, pahe 82〕 For his work, Donovan received the Distinguished Intelligence Medal. In 1962, he was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in New York, but lost to Republican incumbent Jacob K. Javits.〔(NY US Senate – November 06, 1962 ), ourcampaigns.com, access date 5. June 2015〕 Donovan also served as the President of the New York Board of Education at the height of the civil rights era, stating he headed "a Board of Education, not a Board of Integration." In 1964 Donovan published his first book ''Strangers on a Bridge, The Case of Colonel Abel'', followed in 1967 by his second book, ''Challenges: Reflections of a Lawyer-at-Large''. In his final years, Donovan was President of Pratt Institute. He died of a heart attack on January 19, 1970 at the Methodist Hospital in New York.〔http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Security-CIA/CIA%200255.pdf〕 Donovan was married to Mary E. McKenna since 1941. The couple had a son and three daughters.〔(Famed Lawyer for Spies Dead ) in: ''New Orleans States-Item'', 19 January 1970〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James B. Donovan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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